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- BUSINESS, Page 52Vanities on the Bonfire
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- Wall Street's quintessential empire builder falls from power
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- No one embodied Wall Street's gold-rush spirit of the 1980s
- more than Peter Cohen, the high-strung chairman of the
- investment firm Shearson Lehman Hutton. A short, cigar-smoking
- firebrand, Cohen transformed Shearson from a stolid retail
- brokerage into an investment-banking giant. Backed by American
- Express, which bought the firm for $360 million in 1981,
- Shearson grew from 11,000 employees to 47,000 by the mid-'80s.
- But Cohen's expansion drive proved unstable. Hurt by several
- missteps and the slowing pace of Wall Street dealmaking,
- Shearson's investment-banking revenue declined 27% last year,
- to $963 million.
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- As the stress on Cohen increased, his composure frayed.
- Colleagues reportedly heard him yelling over the phone at his
- boss, American Express Chairman James Robinson III. At one
- point, Cohen even had his offices at Shearson swept for
- listening devices. When Robinson pressured Cohen for his
- resignation last week, the Shearson chief complied. As Robinson
- told TIME: "The conditions of the market, the problems on Wall
- Street, all of [the firm's woes] led to Peter's feeling that
- his own identification had been linked to so many of the
- problems that he could not provide the ongoing leadership that
- the firm deserved." To succeed Cohen, Robinson named Howard
- Clark Jr., who is known to favor a no-frills corporate style,
- as the chief financial officer of American Express. "Times have
- changed," says Lawrence Eckenfelder, who follows the securities
- industry for Prudential-Bache. "The name of the game now is to
- wring out the excess, cut costs, retrench."
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- The son of a Long Island clothing manufacturer and a
- graduate of Columbia Business School, Cohen had planned to
- enter the family business but changed his mind when his father
- offered him only half the going rate for M.B.A.s, then $12,000
- a year. Eventually Cohen joined a brokerage firm named
- CWBL-Hayden, Stone, one of the forerunners of Shearson. By
- 1983, Cohen had been named chief executive of Shearson, making
- him, at 36, the youngest head of a major Wall Street firm.
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- Cohen was determined to build a firm that would rival
- Merrill Lynch in size. In 1984 he orchestrated a $360 million
- merger between Shearson/American Express and Lehman Brothers
- Kuhn Loeb. That move catapulted Shearson into the immensely
- profitable investment-banking business. But signs of stress
- began to appear in the wake of the 1987 stock-market crash,
- when Shearson paid nearly $1 billion to acquire E.F. Hutton.
- Dozens of top-notch Hutton brokers defected to other investment
- firms. At the same time, the firm suffered dwindling business
- from individual investors, on whom Shearson was still heavily
- dependent. Cohen, meanwhile, who had begun acting the part of
- the jet-setting dealmaker, was paying less attention to the
- day-to-day management of his empire.
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- The crowning blow came in the fall of 1988, when Shearson
- lost the $25 billion buyout battle for RJR Nabisco, the largest
- takeover fight in history. Wall Street insiders contend that
- Cohen -- whose firm had advised F. Ross Johnson, then the head
- of RJR, in his original bid for the company -- stumbled badly
- by assuming that takeover specialist Henry Kravis would stay
- out of the running for RJR. Kravis surprised Cohen with a
- higher bid and eventually outmaneuvered the Shearson executive.
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- After that debacle, one setback followed another. In
- December 1988, the Boston Company, a Shearson subsidiary,
- disclosed that it had overreported its earnings by $30 million.
- In March of the following year, Shearson was forced to cancel
- its introduction of "unbundled stock units," a new kind of
- corporate-finance vehicle, in part because the Securities and
- Exchange Commission objected to the accounting methods the
- securities employed.
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- Cohen's final battle was an effort to raise more capital to
- bolster confidence in the firm. Last week American Express
- announced a plan to offer current stockholders the right to buy
- an additional $250 million worth of Shearson shares at $12 a
- share. The move will reduce American Express's stake in the
- firm from 61% to about 45%. One result is that American Express
- will no longer have to include Shearson's performance in the
- parent company's financial statements. Even so, American
- Express is likely to carry clout as it supervises Shearson's
- adjustment to the grinding '90s.
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- By Christine Gorman. Reported by Kathryn Jackson Fallon/New
- York.
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